The network structure arises to serve system function, like roots sourcing nutrient supply to a central demand signal. Traditional power grids are the inverse, central supply servicing distributed demand, however they must also maintain synchronization. What are the “root structures“ for systems with both supply and demand distributed?

Causation is often unclear in complex systems with mutually arising phenomenon, but geometric entropy provides a new approach to untangling the complex web of influences to find the hidden hand largely leading (if there is one).

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Complex systems emerge from large numbers of interacting agents, each having their own systems and rules. From timing to encrypted communications, decentralized systems require new foundational capabilities that are not built on the same assumptions under global knowledge