Form should serve system function. Like roots sourcing nutrients for a centralized demand; traditional power grids involve central generation servicing distributed demand, but are constrained to also maintaining synchronization. What are the “root structures“ for systems with both supply and demand distributed?

Causation is often unclear in complex systems where it is common to have mutually arising phenomenon. Despite this fundamental issue, Geometric Partition Entropy provides a new foundation for untangling the complex web of influences and finding the hidden hand at work (if there is one).

Complex systems emerge from large numbers of interacting agents, each having their own systems and rules. From timing to encrypted communications, decentralized systems require new foundational capabilities that are not built on the same assumptions under global knowledge.